In August 1889, a federal marshal named David Neagle walked into a railroad restaurant in Lathrop, California, and shot a man named David Terry to death. Neagle was guarding Supreme Court Justice Stephen Field. Terry had threatened to kill Field, and on that morning had just assaulted him. California arrested Neagle for murder.
The U.S. Supreme Court ordered him released. A state, the Court ruled, cannot prosecute a federal officer for acts he carries out while doing his federal job. Lawyers call it In re Neagle. The Court decided it in 1890. It has been the law ever since.
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