One of the biggest long-term demographic challenges faced by the U.S. is lack of an enforcement mechanism for the assimilation of new arrivals (i.e., legal immigrants who have been “naturalized” as U.S. citizens). There are some groups that refuse to assimilate, including Islamists and some racial groups (e.g., Somalis recruited into the al-Shabaab terrorist network).
Persistent failure of large immigrant groups to assimilate linguistically, civically, and economically can produce enduring ethnic enclaves, lower social trust, weaker shared civic norms, and political and cultural polarization that strains public institutions and social cohesion. Over the long term, these issues place the U.S. constitutional republic at dire risk.
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